Research Publications

Refereed Journal Papers

  1. Monfared, A.R., Rezaei, S., Rahman, S.S., Nakamura, Y., Zaoui, A., Hosseinali, O., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Unleashing the Power of SAN: Innovative In Situ Fibrillation and Moisture-Crosslinking Techniques Yield Stronger, Tougher, and Greener Material than ABS”, Composites Part B, 268, 111103, 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.111103.
  2. Kim, E.S., Lu, M., Zhang, R., Lee, P.C., “Nanofibrillar Self-Reinforced Cyclic Olefin Copolymer Composite Foam with High Toughness and Thermal Insulation”, Composites Science and Technology, 244, 110306, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2023.110306.
  3. Mahmud, M.B., Rahman, S.S., Fashandi, M., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Hydrophillic-to-Hydrophobic Conversion of PA6-Based Mat via PVDF Nanofiber Integration with Enhanced Oil-Water Separation”, Materials Today Sustainability, 24, 100559, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.mtsust.2023.100559.
  4. Kim, E.S., Lee, P.C., “Fabrication of Strong Self-Reinforced Polyethylene Terephthalate Composites Through the In Situ Nanofibrillation Technology”, Processes, 11 (5), 1434, 2023. doi: 10.3390/pr11051434.
  5. Zheng, H., Huang, P., Lee, P.C., Chang, N., Zhao, Y., Su, Y., Wu, F., Liu, X., Zheng, W., “Lightweight Olefin Block Copolymers Foams with Shrinkable and Recoverable Performance via Supercritical CO2 Foaming”, Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 200, 105981, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.supflu.2023.105981.
  6. Hasanzadeh, R., Azdast, T., Lee, R.E., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “A Review of the State-of-the-Art on Thermal Insulation Performance of Polymeric Foams”, Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 41, 101808, 2023. doi:10.1016/j.tsep.2023.101808.
  7. Rahman, S.S., Mahmud, M.B., Mondared, A.R., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Achieving Outstanding Toughness of PMMA while Retaining its Strength, Stiffness, and Transparency using In situ Developed TPEE Nanofibrils”, Composites Science and Technology, 236, 109994, 2023. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2023.109994.
  8. Zhao, C., Zhao, J., Mark, L.H., Chen, Z., Soltani, I., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “A Novel Strategy of Implementing Coupling Agents in Micro/Nano-fibrillated Composites”, Polymer, 273, 125837, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125837.
  9. Salari, M., Sansone, N.D., Razzaz, Z., Taromsori, S.M., Leroux, M., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., “Insights into Synergy-Induced Multifunctional Property Enhancement Mechanisms in Hybrid Graphene Nanoplatelet Reinforced Polymer Composites”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 463, 142406, 2023. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.142406.
  10. Lan X., Huang, P., Chong, Y., Wu, F., Su, Y., Luo, H., Lee, P.C., Zheng, W., “Autoclave Foaming and Steam-chest Molding of Polypropylene/Polybutene-1 Blend Bead Foams and Their Crystallization and Mechanical Properties”, Journal of Cellular Plastics, 59(1) 29-45, 2023. doi:10.1177/0021955X221150863.
  11. Embabi, M., Kweon, M., Anstey, A., Tuccitto, A., Park, C.B., Shivokhin, M., Lee, P.C., “Effect of Ethylene Comonomer Content on the Foam Processing Window of Long-Chain Branched Polypropylene”, ACS Applied Polymer Materials, in press, 2023. doi:10.1021/acsapm.2c02106.
  12. Mendoza-Cedeno, S., Embabi, M., Chang, E., Kweon, M., Shivokhin, M., Pehlert, G., Lee, P.C., “Influence of Molecular Weight on High- and Low-expansion Foam Injection Molding using Linear Polypropylene”,  Polymer, 266, 125611 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125611.
  13. Lu,Y., Lyu, D., Han, C., Yang, X., Lee, P.C., Men, Y., “Crystallization of Polybutene-1 into Form I’, II, and III under High Pressure CO2: In situ Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction, WAXD Mapping, and DSC Investigations”, Macromolecules, 55, 10534-10542, 2022. doi: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01807.
  14. Huang, P., Wu, F., Su, Y., Luo, H., Lan, X., Lee, P.C., Zheng, W., “Supercritical CO2 foaming of open-cell PP/EPDM composite foams with oriented cellular structures for water treatment”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, e53068, 2022. doi: 10.1002/app.53068.
  15. Sansone, N.D., Razzaz, Z., Salari, M., Tuccitto, A.V., Aguiar, R., Leroux, M., Lee, P.C., “Tailoring Multifunctional and Lightweight Hierarchical Hybrid Graphene Nanoplatelet and Glass Fiber Composites”, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2022. doi: 10.1021/acsami.2c11231.
  16. Su, Y., Huang, P., Zhao, Y., Zheng, W., Lan, X., Luo, H., Chong, Y., Lee, P.C., Xu, L., “Lightweight Polypropylene/Polylactic Acid Composite Foams with Controllable Hollow Radially Gradient Porous Structures for Oil/Water Separation”, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 61(30), 10982–10989, 2022. doi: doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01416.
  17. Huang, P., Chen, J., Su, Y., Luo, H., Lee, P.C., Lan, X., Wang, L., Shen, B., Wu, F.*, Zheng, W., “Transforming Waste Polystyrene into High-Performance Porous Frames with Tunable Cellular Structures via Supercritical Nitrogen Foaming”, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 61(30), 11089–11097, 2022. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01709.
  18. Tuccitto, A., Anstey, A., Sansone, N., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., “Controlling Stereocomplex Crystal Morphology in Poly(lactide) through Chain Alignment”, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 218, 22-32, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.081.
  19. Embabi, M., Kweon, M., Wang, Y.X., Lin, T.P., Lopez-Barron, C., Lee, P.C., “Foaming Performance of Linear Polypropylene Ionomers”, Macromolecules, 55, 5645-5655, 2022. doi: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00759.
  20. Huang, P., Su, Y., Lee, P.C., Luo, H., Lan, X., Zhang, L., Shen, B., Wang, L., Zheng, W., “Extruded Polypropylene Foams with Radially Gradient Porous Structures and Selective Filtration Property via Supercritical CO2 Foaming”, Journal of CO2 Utilization, 60, 1001995, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.
  21. Lee, J.H, Mahmood, S.H., Pin, J.M., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Determination of CO2 Solubility in Semi-crystalline Polylactic Acid with Consideration of Rigid Amorphous Fraction”, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 204, 274-283, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.182.
  22. Kweon, M., Embabi, M., Shivokhin, M., Gupta, A., Yan, X., Pehlert, G., Lee, P.C., “Tuning high and low temperature foaming behavior of linear and long-chain branched polypropylene via partial and complete melting”, Polymers, 14(1), 44, 2022. doi: 10.3390/polym14010044.
  23. Zhang, R., Kim, E.S., Romero-Diez, S., Wang, Y., Huang, G., Li, K., Yang, Y., Lee, P.C., “Supercritical Fluid Foaming of Nanoscale Phase Patterned Structures: an Approach to Lightweight Hierarchical Porous Foams with Superior Thermal Insulation”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 431, 1334990, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.133490.
  24. Chang, E., Zhao, J., Zhao, C., Li, G., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Scalable Production of Crosslinked Rubber Nanofibre Networks as Highly Efficient Toughening Agent for Isotactic Polypropylene: Toughening Mechanism of Non-traditional Anisotropic Rubber Inclusion”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 438, 134060, 2022. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.134060.
  25. Anstey, A., Tuccitto, A., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Generation of Tough, Stiff Polylactide Nanocomposites through the In Situ Nanofibrillation of Thermoplastic Elastomer”, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 14(12), 14422-14437, 2022. doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c13836.
  26. Chen, Z., Faysal A.A., Embabi, M., Yu, L., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., “A Path to Nano-Cellular Foams: Constrained Cell Nucleation and Growth in Micro-/Nano-Layered Structures”, Polymer, 235, 124272, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124272.
  27. Pin, J.M., Anstey, A., Schubnell, M., Lee, P.C., “Two-Dimensional Correlation Analysis of iPP Bead Foaming Thermal Features Modeled by Fast Scanning Calorimetry”, ACS Macro Letters, 10, 1280-1286, 2021. doi: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00435.
  28. Mendoza-Cedeno, S., Kweon, M., Newby, S., Shivokhin, M., Pehlert, G., Lee, P.C., “Improved Cell Morphology and Surface Roughness in High Temperature Foam Injection Molding Using a Long Chain Branched Polypropylene”, Polymers, 13, 2404, 2021. doi:10.3390/polym13152404.
  29. Gasek, N., Park, H.E., Uriarte, J.J., Uhl, F.E., Pouliot, R., Riveron, A., Moss, T., Phillips, Z., Louie, J., Sharma, I., Mohammed, B., Dearborn, J., Lee, P.C., Jensen, T., Garner, J., Finck, C., Weiss, D.J., “Development of Alginate and Gelatin-Based Pleural and Tracheal Sealants”, Acta Biomaterialia, 131, 222-235, 2021. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2021.06.048.
  30. (Invited) Md Shahin, A.N., Shaayegana, V., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “In Situ Visualization for Control of Nano-fibrillation Based on Spunbond Processing Using a Polypropylene/Polyethylene Terephthalate System”, International Polymer Processing, 36(3), 332-244, 2021. doi: 10.1515/ipp-2020-4072.
  31. Zhao, C., Wang, J., Zhao, B., Chang, E., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Electrically Percolated Nanofibrillar Composites with Core-Sheath Structures from Completely Wet Ternary Polymer Blends,” Chemical Engineering Journal, 419, 129603, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.129603.
  32. Romero-Diez, S., Kweon, M., Kim, E.S., Gupta, A., Yan, X., Pehlert, G., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., “In situ Visualization of Crystal Nucleation and Growth Behaviors of Linear and Long Chain Branched Polypropylene under Shear and CO2 Pressure”, Polymer, 213, 123215, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123215.
  33. (Invited, Top Cited Article 2021-2022) Zhao, C., Mark L.H, Kim, E.S., Chang, E., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., “Recent Progress on Micro-/Nano-fibrillar Reinforced Polymeric Composite Foams”, Polymer Engineering and Science, 61, 926-941, 2021. doi: 10.1002/pen.25643.
  34. Anstey, A., Chang, E., Kim E.S., Rizvi, A., Kakroodi, A., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., “Nanofibrillated Polymer Systems: Design, Application, and Current State of the Art”, Progress in Polymer Science, 113, 101346, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101346.
  35. Zhang, R., Kim, E.S., Romero-Diez, S., Wang, Y., Huang, G., Li, A., Yang, Y., Lee, P.C., “Cyclic Olefin Copolymer Foam: A Promising Polyolefin Thermal Insulation Material”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 409, 128251, 2021. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.128251.
  36. Pin, J.M., Tuccitto, A., Shivokhin, M.E., Lee, P.C., “Linking Ethylene Co-monomer Content and StereoStructure to Polycrystallinity and Foam Density of Random Copolymers of Polypropylene”, Polymer, 212, 123123, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123123.
  37. Pin, J.M., Anstey, A., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., “Exploration of Polymer Calorimetric Glass Transition Phenomenology by Two-dimensional Correlation Analysis”, Macromolecules, In press, 2020. doi:10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01819.
  38. Zhou, F., Tsai, J.T., Jo, S., Kim, G., Lee, P.C., Jun, M.B.G., “In-Situ Monitoring of Solidification Process of PVA Solution by Fiber Optic Sensor Technique”, IEEE Sensors Journal, in press, 2020. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2020.3040571.
  39. Qiao, Y., Liu, J., Zhao, J., Xu, M., Qi, Q., Chen Z., Men, Y., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., “Promotion of Form I’ in the Polymorph Selection of Polybutene-1 During Crystallization under High Gas/Supercritical Fluid Pressure via Enhancing Chain Mobility”, Macromolecules, 53(22), 10069-10077, 2020 doi: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01986.
  40. Embabi, M., Kweon, M., Chen, Z., Lee, P.C., “Tunable Tensile Properties of Polypropylene and Polyethylene Terephthalate Fibrillar Blend Through Micro-/Nano-Layered Extrusion Technology”, Polymers, 12, 2585, 2020. doi: 10.3390/polym12112585.
  41. Xu, M., Lu, J., Qiao, Y., Wei, L., Liu, T., Lee, P.C., Zhao, L., Park, C.B., “Toughening Mechanism of Long-chain Branched Polyamide 6”, Materials and Design, 196, 1-8, 109173, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109173.
  42. Yao, S.X., Lee, P.C., Park, H.E., Schadler, L., “A Novel Method to Characterize Thermal Properties of The Polymer and Gas/Supercritical Fluid Mixture Using Dielectric Measurements”, Polymer Testing, 92, 1-7, 106861, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106861.
  43. Mahmud M.B., Anstey, A., Shayegaan V., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Enhancing the Mechanical Performance of PA6 Based Composites by Altering Their Crystallization and Rheological Behavior via In-situ Generated PPS Nanofibrils”, Composites Part B., 195, 1-11, 108067, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108067.
  44. Kim, E.S., Kweon, M., Romero-Diez, S., Gupta, A., Yan, X., Spofford, C., Pehlert, G., Lee, P.C., “Effects of Pressure Drop Rate and CO2 Content on the Foaming Behavior of Newly Developed High-Melt-Strength Polypropylene in Continuous Extrusion”, Journal of Cellular Plastics, 0021955X20943110, 2020. doi: 10.1177/0021955X20943110.
  45. Lee, R.E., Azdast, T., Wang, G., Wang, X., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Highly Expanded Fine-Cell Foam of Polylactide/Polyhydroxyalkanoate/Nano-fibrillated Polytetrafluoroethylene Composites Blown with Mold-Opening Injection Molding”, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 155, 286-292, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.212.
  46. (Featured Article) Park, H.E., Gasek, N., Hwang, J., Weiss, D., Lee, P.C., “Effect of Temperature on Gelation and Cross-Linking of Methacrylated Gelatin for Biomedical Applications”, Physics of Fluids, 32, 1-11, 033102, 2020. doi: 10.1063/1.5144896.
  47. Zhao, C., Mark, L.H., Alshrah, M., Soltani, I., Lee, P.C., and Park, C.B., “Challenge in Manufacturing Nanofibril Composites with Low Matrix Viscosity: Effects of Matrix Viscosity and Fibril Content,” European Polymer Journal, 121, 109310, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109310.
  48. Zhao, C., Mark, L.H., Chang, E., Chu, R.K.M., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Highly Expanded, Highly Insulating Polypropylene/Polybutylene-Terephthalate Composite Foams Manufactured by Nano-Fibrillation Technology”, Materials and Design, Vol 188, 108450, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108450.
  49. Jalali, A., Hunealut, M.A., Nofar, M., Lee, P.C., and Park, C.B., “Effect of Branching on Flow-induced Crystallization of Poly (lactic acid)”, European Polymer Journal, 119, 410-420, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.07.045 .
  50. Kim, E.S., Park, H.E., Lopez-Barron, C.R., Lee, P.C., “Enhanced Foamability with Shrinking Microfibers Enhance in Linear Polymer,” Polymers, 11, 211, 2019. doi: 10.3390/polym11020211.
  51. Kim, E.S., Huston, D.R., Lee, P.C., “Interlaminar prestressing reinforcement of epoxy/glass fiber composites,” Smart Materials and Structures, 28, 1-7, 2018. doi: 10.1088/1361-665X/aaefcd.
  52. Jordan, A.M., Lee, P.C., Thurber, C., Macosko, C.W., “Adapting a Capillary Rheometer for Research on Polymer Melt Interfaces,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 57, 14106-14113, 2018. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03674.
  53. Romero-Diez, S., Hantsche, L., Pearl, J.M., Hitt, D., McDevitt, M.R., Lee, P.C., “A Single-Use Microthruster Concept For Small Satellite Attitude Control In Formation-Flying Applications,” Aerospace, 5, 2018. doi: 10.3390/aerospace5040119.
  54. Kim, E.S., Park, H.E., Lee, P.C., “In Situ Shrinking Fibers Enhance Strain Hardening and Foamability of Linear Polymers,” Polymer, 136, 1-5, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.12.040.
  55. Wrenn, S.M., Griswold, E.D., Uhl, F.E., Uriarte, J., Park, H.E., Coffey, A.L., Dearborn, J., Ahlers, B.A., Deng, B., Lam, Y.W., Huston, D., Lee, P.C., Wagner, D.E., Weiss, D.J., “Avian Lungs: a Novel Scaffold for Lung Bioengineering,” PLOS ONE, 13(6), 1-28, 2018. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198956.
  56. Pang, Y., Wang, S., Wu, M., Liu, W., Wu, F., Lee, P.C. and Zheng, W. “Kinetics study of oil sorption with open‐cell polypropylene/polyolefin elastomer blend foams prepared via continuous extrusion foaming.” Polymers for Advanced Technologies 29.4, 2018. doi: 10.1002/pat.4243.
  57. TabkhPaz, M., Park, D.Y., Lee, P.C., Hugo, R. and Park, S.S. “Development of nanocomposite coatings with improved mechanical, thermal, and corrosion protection properties.” Journal of Composite Materials 52.8, 1045-1060, 2018. doi: 10.1177/0021998317720001.
  58. Yao, S.X., Lee, P.C., “A New Gas/Supercritical Fluid (SCF) Diffusivity Measurement Method for CO2 Saturated Polymer Systems Using Dielectric Property,” eXPRESS Polymer Letters, 11(8), 664-672, 2017. doi: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2017.64.
  59. Lee, J.K., Yao, S.X., Li, G., Jun, M.B.G., Lee, P.C., “Measurement Methods for Solubility and Diffusivity of Supercritical Gases in Polymer and its Limitations,” Polymer Reviews, 1-53, 2017. doi: 10.1080/15583724.2017.1329209.
  60. Murphy, K.E., Bocanegra, J.L., Liu, X., Chau, K., Lee, P.C., Li, J., Schneebeli, S.T., “Precise Through Space Control of an Abiotic Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reaction,” Nature Communications, 8, 1-7, 2017. doi: 10.1038/ncomms14840.
  61. Kim, E.S., Lee, J.K., Lee, P.C., Huston, D., Tan, T., Alghamdi, S., “Reinforced Cementitous Composite with In-Situ Shrinking Microfibers,” Smart Materials and Structures, 26(3), 1-12, 2017. doi: 10.1088/1361-665X/aa5a2e.
  62. Ko, J., Ahsani, V., Yao, S. X., Khadem Mohtaram, N., Lee, P.C., Jun, M.B.G., “Fabricating and Controlling PCL Electrospun Microfibers using Filament Feeding Melt Electrospinning Technique,” Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 27(2), 1-11, 025007, 2017. doi: 10.1088/1361-6439/aa4fd9.
  63. Esmaeilirad, A., Ko, J., Rukosuyev, M.V., Lee, J.K., Lee, P.C., Jun, M.B.G., “The Effect of Nozzle-Exit-Channel Shape on Resultant Fiber Diameter in Melt-Electrospinning,” Materials Research Express, 4(1), 1-8, 015302, 2017. doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/4/1/015302.
  64. Dooley, J., Robacki, J., Jenkins, S., Wrisley, R., Lee, P.C., “The Development of Microlayer Blown Film Technology by Combining Film Die and Layer Multiplication Concepts,” Polymer Engineering and Science, 56, 598-604, 2016. doi: 10.1002/pen.24285.
  65. Lee, J.K., Ko, J., Jun, M.B.G., Lee, P.C., “Manufacturing and Characterization of Encapsulated Microfibers with Different Molecular Weight Poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) Resins Using a Melt Electrospinning Technique”, Materials Research Express, 3(2), 1-10, 025301, 2016. doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/3/2/025301.
  66. Ko, J.H., Jun, S.W., Lee, J.K., Lee, P.C., Jun, M.B.G., “Effects of Molecular Weight and Temperature on Fiber Diameter of Poly(epsilon-Caprolactone) Melt Electrospun Fiber,” Journal of The Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers, 24, 160-165, 2015. doi: 10.7735/ksmte.2015.24.2.160.
  67. Ko, J.H., Khadem Mohtaram, N., Lee, P.C., Willerth, S.M., Jun, M.B.G., “Mathematical Model for Predicting Topographical Properties of Poly (ε-caprolactone) Melt Electrospun Scaffolds in Various Temperature and Linear Transitional Speed,” Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 25(4), 1-11, 2015. doi: 10.1088/0960-1317/25/4/045018.
  68. Lee, P.C., Dietsche, L., Dooley, J., Parashar, S, “Improving Film Die Flow Uniformity Using Optimization Methods Coupled with Finite Element Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis,” International Polymer Processing, 30, 51-62, 2015. doi: 10.3139/217.2887.
  69. Ko, J., Bhullar, S., Cho, Y., Lee, P.C., Jun, M.B.G., “Design and Fabrication of Auxetic Stretchable Force Sensor for Hand Rehabilitation,” Smart Materials and Structures, 24(7), 1-8, 075027, 2015. doi: 10.1088/0964-1726/24/7/075027.
  70. Zhang, G., Lee, P.C., Jenkins, S., Dooley, J., Baer, E., “The Effect of Confined Spherulite Morphology of High-Density Polyethylene and Polypropylene on Their Gas Barrier Properties in Multilayered Film Systems,” Polymer, 55, 4521-4530, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.07.009.
  71. Zhang, G., Lee, P.C., Jenkins, S., Dooley, J., Baer, E., “The Effect of Confined Crystallization on High Density Poly(ethylene) Lamellar Morphology”, Polymer, 55, 663-672, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.12.027.
  72. Lee, P.C., Dooley, J., Robacki, J., Jenkins, S., Wrisley, R, “Improvements in Flex Oxygen Barrier Properties of Polymeric Films by Microlayer Coextrusion,” Journal of Plastic Film and Sheeting, 30, 234-247, 2014. doi: 10.1177/8756087913506728.
  73. Ko, J.H., Khadem Mohtaram, N., Farid, A., Carlson, M., Lee, P.C., Willerth S.M., Jun, M.B.G., “Fabrication of Poly (epsilon-caprolactone) Microfiber Scaffolds with Varying Topography and Mechanical Properties for Stem cell-based Tissue Engineering Applications”, Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition, 25, 1-17, 2014. doi: 10.1080/09205063.2013.830913.
  74. Lee, P.C., Dooley, J., “Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Micro/Nanolayer Coextrusion,” Journal of Plastic Film and Sheeting, 29, 76-96, 2013. doi: 10.1177/8756087912450698.
  75. Rizvi, R., Cochrane, B., Naguib, H., Lee, P.C., “Fabrication and Characterization of Melt-Blended Polylactide-Chitin Composites and Their Foams,” Journal of Cellular Plastics, 47, 283-300, 2011. doi: 10.1177/0021955X11402549.
  76. Wang, J., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Visualization of Initial Expansion Behavior of Butane-Blown Low-Density Polyethylene Foam at Extrusion Die Exit,” Polymer Engineering and Science, 51, 492-499, 2011. doi: 10.1002/pen.21803.
  77. Park, H.E., Lee, P.C., Macosko, C.W., “Polymer-Polymer Interfacial Slip by Direct Visualization and by Stress Reduction,” Journal of Rheology, 54, 1207-1218, 2010. doi: 10.1122/1.3479389.
  78. Lee, P.C., Park, H.E., Morse, D.C., Macosko, C.W., “Polymer-polymer Interfacial Slip in Multilayered Films,” Journal of Rheology, 53, 893-915, 2009. doi: 10.1122/1.3114370.
  79. Lee, P.C., Kaewmesri, W., Wang, J., Park, C.B., Pumchusak, J., Folland, R., Praller, A., “Effect of Die Geometry on Foaming Behaviors of High-Melt-Strength Polypropylene with CO2,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 109, 3122-3132, 2008. doi: 10.1002/app.28204.
  80. Lee, P.C., Li, G., Lee, J.W.S., Park, C.B., “Improvement of Cell Opening by Maintaining a High Temperature Difference in the Surface and Core of a Foam Extrudate,” Journal of Cellular Plastics, 43, 431-444, 2007. doi: 10.1177/0021955X07079150.
  81. Lee, P.C., Wang, J., Park, C.B., “Extrusion of Microcellular Open-Cell LDPE-Based Sheet Foams,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 102, 3376-3384, 2006. doi: 10.1002/app.24868.
  82. Naguib, H.E., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., Xu, D., “A Study on the Foaming Behaviors of PP Resins with Talc as Nucleating Agent,” Journal of Polymer Engineering, 26, 565-587, 2006. doi: 10.1515/POLYENG.2006.26.6.565.
  83. Kaewmesri, W., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., Pumchusak, J., “Effect of CO2 and Talc Contents on Foaming Behavior of Recyclable High-Melt-Strength PP,” Journal of Cellular Plastics, 42, 405-428, 2006. doi: 10.1177/0021955X06066995.
  84. Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., Wang, J., Padareva, V., “Strategies for Achieving Microcellular LDPE Foams in Extrusion,” Cellular Polymers, 25, 1-18, 2006. doi: 10.1177/026248930602500101.
  85. Lee, P.C., Wang, J., Park, C.B., “Extruded Open-Cell Foams Using Two Semi-Crystalline Polymers with Different Crystallization Temperatures,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 45, 175-181, 2006. doi: 10.1021/ie050498j.
  86. Lee, P.C., Naguib, H.E., Park, C.B., Wang, J., “Increase of Open-Cell Content by Plasticizing Soft Regions with Secondary Blowing Agent,” Polymer Engineering and Science, 45, 1445-1451, 2005. doi: 10.1002/pen.20422.
  87. Park, C.B., Padareva, V., Lee, P.C., Naguib, H.E., “Extruded Open-Celled LDPE-based Foams Using Non-Homogeneous Melt Structure,” Journal of Polymer Engineering, 25, 239-260, 2005. doi: 10.1515/POLYENG.2005.25.3.239.
  88. Carter, R., Wang, J., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Continuous Foam Extrusion of Rigid-Rod Polyphenylenes,” Journal of Cellular Plastics, 41, 29-39, 2005. doi: 10.1177/0021955X05049871.
  89. Naguib, H.E., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., “Effect of Talc Content on the Volume Expansion Ratio of Extruded PP Foams,” Journal of Cellular Plastics, 39, 499-511, 2003. doi: 10.1177/0021955X03039247.

Conference Abstracts

  1. Sansone, N.D., Jung, J., Serles, P., Filleter, T., Ryu, S., Lee, P.C., “Hierarchical Graphene Nanoplatelet and Glass Fiber Hybrid Composites with Synergy-Induced Gradient Interphase”, The Polymer Processing Society, 38th Polymer Processing Society International Conference, Paper ID: S05-391, St. Gallen, Switzerland, May 22-26, 2023.
  2. Tuccitto. A.V., Sansone, N.D., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., “Controlling the Surface Functionality of Graphene-based Quantum Dots for Multifunctional Poly(L-lactide) Nanocomposites”, The Polymer Processing Society, 38th International Conference of the Polymer Processing Society (PPS), Paper ID: S15-389, St. Gallen, Switzerland, May 22-26, 2023.
  3. Kim, E.S., Zhang, R., Lee, P.C., “Fabrication of Tough Self-Reinforced Cyclic Olefin Copolymer Composites Through the In Situ Nanofibrillation Technology”, Society of Plastics Engineers, Annual Technical Conference – ANTEC, Conference Proceedings, Denver, CO, USA, Mar 27-30, 2023.
  4. Zhao, J., Li, H., Lee, P.C., “Micro/Nano-layer Structured Foams with Tunable Foam Morphology and Properties”, Society of Plastics Engineers, Annual Technical Conference – ANTEC, Conference Proceedings, Denver, CO, USA, Mar 27-30, 2023.
  5. Shen, X., Embabi, M., Kweon, M., Shivokhin, M., Lee, P.C., “Governing Parameters in Volume Expansion Behaviors of Polypropylene Foams”, 2023 SPE International Polyolefins Conference, Paper ID: ***, Galveston, USA, March 5-8, 2023
  6. (Best Presentation Award) Aguiar, R., Sansone, N.D., Salari, M., Lee, P.C., “The Effect of Sizing Composition in the Microstructural Architecture of Hierarchically Structured Graphene Nanoplatelets and Glass Fibre Reinforced Polypropylene”, The Korean Institute of Metals and Materials, 7th International Conference on Electronic Materials and Nanotechnology for Green Environment (ENGE), Paper ID:4-2487, Jeju, Korea, November 6-9, 2022.
  7. Sansone, N.D., Jung, J., Serles, P., Filleter, T., Ryu, S., Lee, P.C., “Gradient Interphase in Hierarchical Graphene Nanoplatelet and Glass Fiber Hybrid Composites”, The Korean Institute of Metals and Materials, 7th International Conference on Electronic Materials and Nanotechnology for Green Environment (ENGE), Paper ID:4-2889, Jeju, South Korea, November 6-9, 2022.
  8. Sansone, N.D., Razzaz, Z., Salari, M., Tuccitto, A.V., Leroux, M., Lee, P.C., “Tailoring Multifunctional and Lightweight Hierarchical Hybrid Graphene Nanoplatelet and Glass Fiber Composites”, Carbon Chemistry and Materials (CCM-2022), Roma, Italy, October 10-14, 2022.
  9. (Invited) Lee, P.C., “Micro-/Nano-Structuring of Polymer Composites and Foams”, 49th World Polymer Congress, MACRO2022, Winnipeg, Canada, July 17-21, 2022.
  10. Sansone, N.D., Razzaz, Z., Salari, M., Leroux, M., Lee, P.C., “Understanding the Synergistic effect in Multifunctional and Lightweight Hybrid Graphene Nanoplatelet and Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composites”, 2022 Canadian Society of Mechanical Engineering (CSME) International Congress, Paper ID:107, Edmonton, Alberta, Jun 5-8, 2022.
  11. Su, T.Y.T., Yan, N., Lee, P.C., “Biocomposites Made of PLA Reinforced with Lignin Containing Nanocellulose Fibrils”, 2022 Canadian Society of Mechanical Engineering (CSME) International Congress, Paper ID:196, Edmonton, Alberta, Jun 5-8, 2022.
  12. Kweon, M., Embabi, M., Gupta, A., Yan, X., Shivokhin, M, Pehlert, G., Lee, P.C., “Tuning the Foaming Behavior of Linear and Branched Polypropylene via Partial and Complete Melting”, 2022 SPE International Polyolefins Conference, Galveston, Texas, USA, Feb 13-16, 2022.
  13. Mendoza-Cedeno, S., Anstey, A., Kweon, M., Newby, S., Shivokhin, M., Pehlert, G., Lee, P.C., “
    Effect of Broad Molecular Weight Distribution and Long-chain Branching of Polypropylene Foam Morphology in Foam Injection Molding”, 2022 SPE International Polyolefins Conference, Galveston, Texas, USA, Feb 13-16, 2022.
  14. Chang, E., Zhao, J., Zhao, C., Li, G., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Novel Routes to Rubber Toughening of Polypropylene with Inclusion of Nano-structured Ethylene-propylene-diene Terpolymer via Reactive in situ Fibrillation”, 2022 SPE International Polyolefins Conference, Galveston, Texas, USA, Feb 13-16, 2022.
  15. Mahmud, M.B., Fashandi, M., Embabi, M., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Inducing Hydrophobicity in PA6 based Non-woven Mat with PVDF nanofiber”, The Polymer Processing Society, 37th Polymer Processing Society International Conference, Paper #G08-374, Fukuoka, Japan, Apr 11-15th, 2022.
  16. Sansone, N.D., Razzaz, Z., Salari, M., Leroux, M., Lee, P.C., “Synergy-Induced, Multifunctional, and Lightweight Hierarchical Hybrid Graphene Nanoplatelet and Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites”, The Polymer Processing Society, 37th Polymer Processing Society International Conference, Paper #G07-368, Fukuoka, Japan, Apr 11-15th, 2022.
  17. Zhao, J., Lee, P.C., “Constrained Foaming and High Thermal Insulative Structures using Micro-/Nano-layered Film/Foam Technology”, The Polymer Processing Society, 37th Polymer Processing Society International Conference, Paper # G13-148, Fukuoka, Japan, April 11-15, 2022.
  18. (Keynote) Salari, M., Sansone, N.D., Razzaz, Z., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., “Synergy-Induced Electrical Conductivity and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Effectiveness Enhancements in Hybrid Glass Fiber- and Graphene Nanoplatelets-Reinforced Polymer Composites”, The Polymer Processing Society, 37th Polymer Processing Society International Conference, Paper #G07-378, Fukuoka, Japan, April 11-15th, 2022.
  19. Tuccitto, A.V., Anstey, A., Paiva, D., Park C. B., Lee, P.C., “Stiffening and Strengthening Poly(lactide) by In Situ Fibrillation of Liquid Crystalline Polymer”, The Polymer Processing Society, 37th Polymer Processing Society International Conference, Paper #G07-363, Fukuoka, Japan, April 11th-15th, 2022.
  20. (Keynote) Lee, P.C., “Micro-/Nano-structured Nanocomposites and Foams”, The 2nd International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Materials (ICMEM 2021), Beijing, China, Nov 19-20th, 2021.
  21. (Keynote) Kim, J.H, Chang, E., Mark, L.H, Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “How to Simultaneously Increase the Stiffness and the Ductility of Nanocomposites?”, The Polymer Processing Society, 36th Polymer Processing Society International Conference, Paper #S04-510, Montreal, Canada, Sep 26-29th, 2021.
  22. Amirabadi S., Sain M., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Developing Nano-fibrillated Fire Retardant Polymer Composites and Foams”, The Polymer Processing Society, 36th Polymer Processing Society International Conference, Paper #S07-394, Montreal, Canada, Sep 26-29th, 2021.
  23. Pin, J.M., Tuccitto, A., Shivokhin, M.E., Lee, P.C., “Impact of Ethylene Content in Polypropylene Random Copolymers on Foamability”, The Polymer Processing Society, 36th Polymer Processing Society International Conference, Paper #S07-34, Montreal, Canada, Sep 26-29th, 2021.
  24. (Keynote) Embabi, M., Chen, Z., Kweon, M.S., Lee, P.C., “Nano-Fibrillation of PET in PP Matrix: A Comparison between Nanolayer Coextrusion in-situ Fibrillated and Spunbond Pre-Fibrillated Composites”, The Polymer Processing Society, 36th Polymer Processing Society International Conference, Paper #S02-46, Montreal, Canada, Sep 26-29th, 2021.
  25. Wang, J., Zhao, C., Chang, E., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Nano-fibrillation of High-performance and Conductive Ternary PP/PEBA/PET Blends with Core-shell Structures”, The Polymer Processing Society, 36th Polymer Processing Society International Conference, Paper #S02-61, Montreal, Canada, Sep 26-29th, 2021.
  26. Chen, Z., Embabi, M., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., “Confined Foaming In Multilayered Alternating Film/Foam Structures”, The Polymer Processing Society, 36th Polymer Processing Society International Conference, Paper #S07-459, Montreal, Canada, Sep 26-29th, 2021.
  27. Soltani, I., Mark, L.H., Jalali, A., Akrami, H., Zhao, C., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Reactive Nanofibrillated PP/PET Composites with Superior Mechanical Properties Made by Spunbonding”, The Polymer Processing Society, 36th Polymer Processing Society International Conference, Paper #S06-345, Montreal, Canada, Sep 26-29th, 2021.
  28. Mahmud, M.B., Anstey, A., Shaayegan, V., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Effect of PA6-PPS Compatibility on Manufacturing Nanoscale PPS Fiber via In-situ Fibrillation Technique”, The Polymer Processing Society, 36th Polymer Processing Society International Conference, Paper #S06-507, Montreal, Canada, Sep 26-29th, 2021. (Poster)
  29. Anstey, A., Mahmud, M.B., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., “Facile Toughening of Polylactide using Elastomeric Nanofibrils”, 36th Polymer Processing Society International Conference, Paper #S06-490, Montreal, Canada, Sep 26-29th, 2021.
  30. Zhao, J., Chang, E., Li, P., Zhao, C., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “In-situ fibrillated ultra-tough PE composites reinforced by crosslinked EPDM with UV”, 36th Polymer Processing Society International Conference, Paper #S06-407, Montreal, Canada, Sep 26-29th, 2021.
  31. Akrami, H., Soltani, I., Embabi, M., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Enhancement of Polycarbonate’s Rheological and Mechanical Properties with Nano-fibrillated Polyamide 6T”, 36th Polymer Processing Society International Conference, Paper #S06-497, Montreal, Canada, Sep 26-29th, 2021.
  32. Mendoza-Cedeno, S., Kweon, M., Newby, S., Shivokhin, M., Pehlert, G., Lee, P.C., “High Temperature Foam Injection Molding using Linear and Branched Polypropylene”, FOAMS 2021, Virtual Conference, USA, September 13-16, 2021
  33. (Invited) Tuccitto, A., Anstey, A., Sansone, N.D., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., “Towards Superior Biopolymer Blends: Tuning the Micro-/Nano-structure of Poly(L-lactide) Composites for High-Performance Applications”, NanoTech 2021 Conference & Expo, Paper #573, October 18-20, Washington, DC, USA, 2021
  34. (Invited) Lee, P.C., “Process-Structure-Property Relations of Micro-/Nano-structured Polymer Composites and Foams”, International Symposium on Precision Engineering and Sustainable Manufacturing (PRESM) 2021, PRESM2021-0254, July 21-23, Jeju, Korea, 2021.
  35. Tuccitto, A., Anstey, A., Sansone, N.D., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., “Exploring the Rheological, Crystallization, and Mechanical Property Behaviour of Stereocomplexed Poly(lactide) Blends, and Their Polymorphic Crystalline Network Structures”, Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering International Congress (CSME) 2021 Congress, June 27-30, Charlottetown, PE, Canada, 2021.
  36. Zhao, J., Chang, E., Li, P., Zhao, C., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Toughness, Stiffness, and Transparency Control of PO Containing Nanofibrils”, International Polyolefins Conference, Submission ID: 837434, Houston, Texas, February 23-26, 2020.
  37. Zolali, A., Chang, E., Zhang, S., Li., G., Jiang, R., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Foamability of Impact Modified Polypropylene using Nano-fibrillated EPDM Rubber”, Polymer Foam 2019, Hamburg, Germany, November 26-27, 2019
  38. Zolali, A., Chang, E., Zhang, S., Li., G., Jiang, R., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Effect of Nano-fibrillated Rubber on Foamability and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene”, Poly-Foam 2019, Shanghai, China, November 6-7, 2019
  39. Chang, E., Zolali, A., Li., G., Jiang, R., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “PP/PET Fibrillar Composite Foams: Microstructure and Mechanical Performance”, FOAMS 2019, Valladolid, Spain, October 2-3, 2019
  40. (Keynote) Mahmud, M.B., Shaayegan, V., Anstey, A., Jiang, R., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Application of Nanofibril Technology”, 11th UK-China AMRI workshop “Celebrating a Decade of Success of Science Bridges China in Advanced Materials Research”, Chengdu, China, August 30-31, 2019
  41. Yao, S.X., Lee, P.C., Schadler, L, Park, H.E., Romero-Diez, S., “Using Dielectric Properties to Study Transport and Thermal Properties of Gas/Supercritical Fluid (SCF) Embedded Polymer Solution”, ACS Fall Meeting 2019, San Diego, CA, USA, August 25-27, 2019
  42. (Invited) Mahmud, M.B., Shaayegan, V., Anstey, A., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Processing and Performance of PA6 with Nanofibrillated Reinforcement”, 9th International Symposium on Engineering Plastics (EP’2019), Yinchuan, China, August 7-10, 2019
  43. Akrami, H., Soltani, I., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Producing the In-situ PC/PA6T-Nanofibril Composite and the Effect of Nanofibers on PC Properties”, 35th Polymer Processing Society International Conference, Paper #S03-222, Izmir, Turkey, May 26-30, 2019
  44. Mahmud, M.B., Shaayegan, V., Soltani, I., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Development and Characterization of In-situ Nano-fibrillated PA6-PPS Composites”, 35th Polymer Processing Society International Conference, Paper #S03-93, Izmir, Turkey, May 26-30, 2019
  45. Kim, E.S., Lee, P.C., “Enhanced Extrusion Foamability using Shrinking Nanofibers in Linear Polymer”, 35th Polymer Processing Society International Conference, Paper #S09-304, Izmir, Turkey, May 26-30, 2019
  46. Romero-Diez, S., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., “In-situ Visualization of Crystal Nucleation and Growth Behaviors of Polypropylene (PP) under High Pressure CO2”, Society of Plastics Engineers, Annual Technical Conference – ANTEC, Conference Proceedings, Paper #338, Detroit, Michigan, March 17-20, 2019
  47. Kim, E.S., Lee, P.C., “Engineered Microfibers with Enhanced Foamability of Linear Polymer”, Society of Plastics Engineers, Annual Technical Conference – ANTEC, Conference Proceedings, Paper #335, Detroit, Michigan, March 17-20, 2019
  48. Mahmud, M.B., Shaayegan, V., Lee, J.H., Liu, T., Zhao, L., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Effects of N2 and CO2 as Physical Blowing Agents on the Foamability of Linear and Branched PA6”, Society of Plastics Engineers, Annual Technical Conference – ANTEC, Conference Proceedings, Paper #321, Detroit, Michigan, March 17-20, 2019
  49. Kim, E.S., Park, H.E., Lee, P.C., “In-situ Shrinking Micro-/nano-fibers with Enhanced Strain Hardening Behavior”, Polymer Engineering International/ UK-China AMRI, September 18-20, Bradford, United Kingdom, Abstract, 2018.
  50. Kim, E.S., Park, H.E., Lee, P.C. “In-situ Shrinking Microfibers Enhanced Strain Hardening of Linear Polymers”, Foams 2018, September 13-14, Montreal, Canada, 2018.
  51. Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “EMI Shielding Microcellular Composite Foaming Technology”, 2018 Canada-Korea Conference on Science & Technology, June 26-28, Vancouver, Canada, 2018.
  52. Lee, P.C., “High Barrier Films via Micro-/Nano-layer Technology”, 2018 Canada-Korea Conference on Science & Technology, June 26-28, Vancouver, Canada, 2018.
  53. Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “High Thermal Barrier Nanocellular Composite Foam Technology,” 2018 Canada-Korea Conference on Science & Technology, June 26-28, Vancouver, Canada, 2018.
  54. (Plenary) Kim, E.S., Park, H.E., Lee, P.C., “Rheological and Foaming Behaviors of In-Situ Shrinking Microfiber Embedded Polymer Composites”, The Polymer Processing Society, 34th International Conference, May 21-25, Taipei, Taiwan, Province of China, 2018.
  55. Kim, E.S., Lee, P.C., Huston, D.R., “Reinforced Composite Structures with In-Situ Shrinking Microfibers”, The Polymer Processing Society, 33rd Annual Meeting, December 10-14, Cancun, Mexico, 2017.
  56. Kim, E.S., Park, H.E., Lee, P.C., “Rheological behavior of Polyolefin/In-situ Shrinking Microfiber Composites in Foaming Process”, The Polymer Processing Society, 33rd Annual Meeting, December 10-14, Cancun, Mexico, 2017.
  57. Ducharme T., Park, H.E., Lee, P.C., “In-situ Visualization of Crystal Nucleation and Growth Behaviors of Various Polymers under High Pressure Gases”, The Polymer Processing Society, 33rd Annual Meeting, December 10-14, Cancun, Mexico, 2017.
  58. Rukosuyev, M., Baqar, S., Bradley, C., Lee, P.C., Jun, M.B.G., “Flame Assisted Spray Pyrolysis and Simultaneous Deposition Using Annular Flame Nozzle”, International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE), Nov. 3-9, Tampa, FL, USA, 2017.
  59. Wrenn, S.M., Griswold, E.D., Uhl, F.E., Uriarte, J.J., Park, H.E., Coffey, A.L., Dearborn, J.S., Hommel, R.J., Lam, Y.W., Deng, B., Ahlers, B.A., Lee, P.C., Huston, D.R., Wagner, D.E., Weiss, D.J., “Lung Bioengineering using Avian Tissue”, Stem Cells, Cell Therapies, and Bioengineering in Lung Biology and Diseases Conference, July 24-27, Burlington, VT, USA, 2017.
  60. Nazeri, K., Ahsani, V., Ahmed, F., Lee, P.C., Jun, M.B.G., “Photonic Crystal Fiber Based Refractive Index Sensors”, TechConnect World Innovation Conference and Expo, May 14-17, Washington, DC, USA, 2017.
  61. Rukosuyev, M., Lee, P.C., Jun M.B.G., “Uniform Spray-based Large Area Nanoparticle Coating at Nanometric Thickness”, TechConnect World Innovation Conference and Expo, May 14-17, Washington, DC, USA, 2017.
  62. Lee, J.Y., Yao, S.X., Lee, J.K., Lee, P.C., Jun, M.B.G., “A New Gas/Supercritical Fluid (SCF) Diffusivity Measurement Method For CO2 Saturated Polymer Systems Using Optical Transmission Property”, TechConnect World Innovation Conference and Expo, May 14-17, Washington, DC, USA, 2017.
  63. Ducharme, T., Lee, P.C., “A Novel Multi-Material 3D Printing Technology Using Miniature Coextrusion Dies”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, May 8-10, Anaheim, CA, USA, 2017.
  64. (Keynote Speech) Ko, J.H., Ashani V., Yao, S.X., Jun, M.B.G., Lee, P.C., “A Novel Fiber Processing Technology Based on Fused Deposition 3D Printing Combined with Melt Electrospinning”, The Polymer Processing Society, 32nd Annual Meeting, Lyon, France, S12-148, 2016.
  65. Ko, J., Lee, P.C., Jun, M.B.G, “Controlling PCL Electrospun Fibers using Melt Electrospinning Technique Based on Filaments”, International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition, IMECE2016-66898, 2016.
  66. Araujo, O., Macosko, C., Lee, P.C., “Innovative Micro Capillary Rheometer”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 62, 2016.
  67. Lee, P.C., Ting, T., Eric S. Kim, Kiefer, L., Huston, D., “Reinforcing Cementitious Structures by In-Situ Shrinking Microfibers”, Engineering Mechanics Institute Conference 2016, paper#582, May 22-25, 2016.
  68. Lee, P.C., Lee., J.K., Ko, J., Jun, M.B.G., Park, S.S., “Melt Electrospun Coaxial Microfiber Processing and Properties”, The Polymer Processing Society, 31th Annual Meeting, JeJu, Korea, 2015.

Conference Papers

  1. Zhang, R., Kim, E.S., Romero-Diez, S., Wang, Y., Huang, G., Li, A., Yang, Y., Lee, P.C.*, “Cyclic Olefin Copolymer Foam: A Promising Thermal Insulation Material”, Society of Plastics Engineers, Annual Technical Conference, Virtual Conference, 2022.
  2. Kim, E.S., Kweon, M., Romero-Diez, S., Gupta, A., Yan, X., Spofford, C., Pehlert, G., Lee, P.C.*, “Extrusion Foaming of Newly Developed High-Melt-Strength Polypropylene”, Society of Plastics Engineers, Annual Technical Conference, May 18th, Virtual Conference, 2021.
  3. Romero-Diez, S., Kweon, M., Kim, E.S., Gupta, A., Yan, X., Pehlert, G., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C.*, “In situ Visualization of Microstructure of Polypropylene under Shear and CO2 Pressure”, Society of Plastics Engineers, Annual Technical Conference, Society of Plastics Engineers, Annual Technical Conference, May 18th, Virtual Conference, 2021.
  4. Joe, H.E., Yun, H., Jun, M.B.G., Cho, Y., Ahmed, F., Lee, P.C., “Characterization of Long-Period Fiber Grating with a Screw Shape Fabricated by a Single-Path Scanning of Femtosecond Laser”, MSEC2018-6556, Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, Jun 13-22, College Station, TX, USA, 2018.
  5. Kim, E.S., Park, H.E., Lee, P.C., “Strain Hardening of Linear Polymer Enhanced by Heat Shrinking Fibers”, Society of Plastics Engineers, Annual Technical Conference, May 7-9, Orlando, United States, 2018.
  6. (Poster) Yao, S.X., Park, H.E.,Lee, P.C., “Relationship between Solubilities and Dielectric Constants of HDPE/CO2 Solution”, Society of Plastics Engineers, Annual Technical Conference, May 7-9, Orlando, United States, 2018.
  7. Romero-Diez, S., Ducharme T., Park, H.E., Lee, P.C., “In-situ Visualization of Crystal Nucleation and Growth Behaviors of Polylactic Acid (PLA) under High Pressure CO2”, Society of Plastics Engineers, Annual Technical Conference, May 7-9, Orlando, United States, 2018.
  8. Ducharme T., Romero-Diez, S., Bernier, D., Park, H.E., Lee, P.C., “A System for Visualizing and Measuring Stress of Plastic Flows under Shear Conditions”, Society of Plastics Engineers, Annual Technical Conference, May 7-9, Orlando, United States, 2018.
  9. Kim, E.S., Lee, P.C., Huston, D.R., Tan, T., “Reinforcing cementitious structures by pH activated in-situ shrinking microfiber, SPIE Smart Structures/NDE, Paper #10166-17, 2017.
  10. Romero-Diez, S., L. Hantsche, J.M.Pearl, Hitt, D.L., McDevitt, M.R., Lee, P.C., “A Single-Use Microthruster Concept for Small Satellite Attitude Control in Formation-Flying Applications”, 9th International Workshop on Satellite Constellation and Formation Flying 2017, June 19-21, Boulder, CO, USA, 2017.
  11. Yao, S.X., Lee, P.C., “A New Gas Diffusivity Measurement Technique for CO2 Infused Polymer System during Gas Desorption”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, May 8-10, Anaheim, CA, USA, 2017.
  12. Kim, E. S., Lee, P.C., “Interlaminar Reinforcement of Composite Laminates with Heat Activated Shrinking Microfibers”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, May 8-10, Anaheim, CA, USA, 2017.
  13. Romero-Diez, S., Lee, P.C., “In-Situ Visualization and Cell Growth Modeling in a Polymeric Foaming Process”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, May 8-10, Anaheim, CA, USA, 2017.
  14. Ahmed, F., Cho, Y.H., Nazeri, K., Ahsani, V. Lee, P.C., Jun, M.B.G., “Refractive Index Sensing by Femtosecond Laser Fabricated Fiber Optic Sensors”, 11th International Conference on Micromanufacturing (ICOMM), Mar. 29-31, Irvine, CA, 2016.
  15. Kim, H.W., Dietsche L., Lee, P.C., Dooley, J., “Effects of Viscoelasticity on Film Die Flow Uniformity”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 62, paper#434, 2016.
  16. Thurber, C., Martinetti, L., Liu, X., Lee, P.C., Macosko, C.M., “Capillary Coextrusion: A New Process for Creating Small-Scale Coextruded Films”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 62, paper#413, 2016.
  17. Lee, P.C., “Review on Micro-/Nano-layer Enhanced Barrier Technology”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 61, paper# 2094087, 2015.
  18. Ko, J.H, Lee, J.K., Lee. P.C., Jun, M.B.G., “Manufacturing and Characterization of Coaxial Microfibers with Different Molecular Weights Using Melt Electrospinning Technique”, International Conference on Micromanufacturing (4M/ICOMM), Mar. 31-Apr. 2, Milan, Italy, 2015.
  19. Lee, P.C., Dietsche, L., Dooley, J., “Flow Uniformity Study in a Film Die”, The Polymer Processing Society, 30th Annual Meeting, Cleveland, Ohio, US, Paper S04-392, 2014.
  20. Lee, P.C., Dietsche, L., Dooley, J., Wrisley, R., “Effects of Temperature and Viscoelasticity on Film Die Flow Uniformity”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 60, 1052-1058, 2014.
  21. Dooley, J., Kim, H., Lee, P.C., Wrisley, R., “The Effect of Multilayer Rheology on the Flow Distribution in a Coathanger Style Die”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 60, 1059-1066, 2014.
  22. Claracq, J., Smits, G., Dooley, J., Dietsche, L., Lee, P.C., “Driving Materials and Process Research through Modeling and Simulations at The Dow Chemical Company”, European POLYFLOW conference, Brussels, Nov. 14th, 2013.
  23. Lee, P.C., Dietsche, L., Dooley, J., Metwally, H., “3D Viscous & Viscoelastic CFD Analysis of Flow Through an Extrusion Film Die”, ANSYS Users Conference, Detroit, MI, Jun. 4th, 2013.
  24. Lee, P.C., Dooley, J., Robacki, J., Jenkins, S., Wrisley, R, “Flex Barrier Property Enhancement in Film Structures using Microlayer Coextrusion Technology”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 59, paper# 1560893, 2013.
  25. Ko, J.H, Mohtaram, N.K, Lee. P.C., Willerth, S.M., Jun, M.B., “Parametric Studies Using Melt Electrospinning of Poly-ε-(caprolactone) Fibers for Tissue Engineering Applications”, 8th International Conference on Micromanufacturing (ICOMM), Mar. 25-28, Victoria, BC, Canada, 2013.
  26. Lee, P.C., Dietsche, L., Dooley, J., Parashar S., “Improving Film Die Flow Uniformity using Optimization Methods Coupled with Finite Element CFD Analysis”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 58, 1070, 2012.
  27. Metwally, H., Lee, P.C., “Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis of a Film Die”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 58, 1145, 2012.
  28. Lee, P.C., Dooley, J., “Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Micro/Nano-Layer Coextrusion”, 2012 TAPPI PLACE conference, Seattle, WA, Paper 1077, 2012.
  29. (Best Paper Award) Dooley, J., Robacki, J., Jenkins, S., Lee, P.C., Wrisley, R., “Producing Microlayer Blown Film Structures Using Layer Multiplication and Unique Die Technology”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 57, 1374, 2011.
  30. Lee, P.C., Dietsche, L., Dooley, J., Metwally, H., “Improving Flow Uniformity from a Film Die by Geometry Modification Using a Three Dimensional Finite Element Optimization Technique”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 57, 1259, 2011.
  31. (Best Paper Award) Crabtree, S., Dooley, J., Robacki, J., Lee, P.C., Wrisley, R., Pavlicek, C., “Producing Microlayer Blow Molded Structures Using Layer Multiplication and Unique Die Head Technology”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 57, 350, 2011.
  32. Crabtree, S., Dooley, J., Robacki, J., Lee, P.C., Wrisley, R., Pavlicek, C., “Producing Microlayer Blow Molded Structures Using Layer Multiplication and Unique Die Head Technology”, SPE 2011 Annual Blow Molding Conference, Chicago, IL, 2011.
  33. Dietsche, L., Lee, P.C., Dooley, J., “CFD-Based Optimization Techniques Applied to Polymer Die Design”, proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics (WMSCI 2011), Vol. 3, 130, 2011.
  34. Rizvi, R., Cochrane, B., Naguib, H., Lee, P.C., “Novel Biodegradable Composites and Foams of Polylactide and Chitin”, SPIE Smart Structures/NDE 2011, San Diego CA USA, Mar. 6-10, 2011.
  35. Park, H.E., Lee, P.C., Macosko, C.W, “Direct and Indirect Polymer-Polymer Interfacial Slip Measurements”, The Polymer Processing Society, 26th Annual Meeting, Banff, Alberta, Canada, Paper I01-577, 2010.
  36. Lee, P.C., Zheng, H., Macosko, C.W, Anderson, P.D., “Flow Channel Design for Layer Thickness Uniformity in Multilayer Coextrusion”, The Polymer Processing Society, 26th Annual Meeting, Banff, Alberta, Canada, Paper I01-579, 2010.
  37. Batch, G. L.,Lee, P.C., Lopez-Barron, C., Macosko, C.W., “Process Anomalies with Immiscible Blends during Extrusion”, The Polymer Processing Society, 26th Annual Meeting, Banff, Alberta, Canada, Paper I01-261, 2010.
  38. Park, H.E., Lee, P.C., Macosko, C.W., “Polymer-Polymer Interfacial Slip Velocity”, The Society of Rheology 82nd Annual Meeting, Abstract, Santa Fe, New Mexico, Oct. 25-28, 2010.
  39. (Paper of the Month, SPE Extrusion Division) Lee, P.C., Macosko, C.W., “Die Design for Layer Thickness Uniformity in Multilayer Coextrusion”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 55, 1542, 2009.
  40. Lee, P.C., Park, H.E., Macosko, C.W., Dealy, J.M., “Polymer-Polymer Interfacial Slip Measurements in Multilayered Films”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 54, 2352, 2008.
  41. Batch, G. L., Lee, P.C., Lopez-Barron, C., Macosko, C.W., “Deformation and Rheology of Co-continuous Blends”, 15th International Congress on Rheology, 117-119, 2008.
  42. Lee, P.C., Park, H.E., Macosko, C.W., “Direct and Indirect Polymer-polymer Interfacial Slip Measurements in Multilayered Films”, 15th International Congress on Rheology, 1072-1074, 2008.
  43. Lee, P.C., Macosko, C.W., Park, H.E., Dealy, J.M., “Polymer-polymer Interfacial Slip Measurements in Multilayered Films”, The Society of Rheology 79th Annual Meeting, Abstract, Salt Lake City, UT, Oct. 7-11, 2007.
  44. Kim, S.J., Lim, K.H., Lee, P.C., Macosko, C.W., “3D Numerical Study of Multilayer Coextrusion”, The Society of Rheology 79th Annual Meeting, Abstract, Salt Lake City, UT, Oct. 7-11, 2007.
  45. Batch, G.L, Macosko, C.W., Lee, P.C., “Rheology, Morphology and Properties of Immiscible Blends”, The Society of Rheology 79th Annual Meeting, Abstract, Salt Lake City, UT, Oct. 7-11, 2007.
  46. Dolgovskij, M.K., Fasulo, P.D., Lee, P.C., Macosko, C.W., Rodgers, W.R., “Multilayer Coextrusion of Polypropylene Nanocomposite Materials”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 53, 67, 2007.
  47. Zheng, W., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Extrusion Foaming Behaviors of PET with CO2”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 53, 3066, 2007.
  48. Lee, P.C., Kaewmesri, W., Wang, J., Park, C.B., Pumchusak, J., Foland, R., Praller, A., “Effect of Die Geometry on Foaming Behaviors of High-Melt-Strength Polypropylene with CO2”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 53, 2115, 2007.
  49. Lee, P.C., Li, G., Lee, J.W.S., Park, C.B., “Improvement of Cell Opening by Maintaining a High Temperature Difference in the Surface and Core of a Foam Extrudate”, The Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering, CSME Forum 2006, Technical Papers, Calgary, Alberta, May 21-24, 2006.
  50. Lee, P.C., Li, G., Lee, J.W.S., Park, C.B., “Extruded Open-Cell Foams Using Brittle Polymers with CO2”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 52, 2705, 2006.
  51. Kaewmesri, W., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., Pumchusak, J., “Effects of CO2 and Talc Contents on Recyclable HMS PP Foaming”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 52, 2721, 2006.
  52. Ahmed, M.Y.S., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., Atalla, N., “Novel Foams for Noise Control in Auto Structures”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 52, Paper #104059, 2006.
  53. Serry, M.Y. Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., Atalla, N., “Application of Novel Viscoelastic Microcellular Foams for Passive Noise Control in Automotive Body Structures”, SAE World Congress, 06AC-232, 2006.
  54. Kaewmesri, W., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., Pumchusak, J., “Effect of CO2 Content on Foaming Behavior of Recyclable High Melt Strength PP”, SAE World Congress, 06M-391, 2006.
  55. Lee, P.C., Li, G., Park, C.B., “Effect of Partial Crosslinking on Solubility and Diffusivity of CO2 in LDPE”, #S9-2, PPS Quebec, 2005.
  56. (Best Paper Award) Lee, P.C., Wang, J., Park, C.B., “Extruded Open-Cell Foams Using Two Semi-Crystalline Polymers with Different Crystallization Temperatures (Tc)”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 51, 2660, 2005.
  57. Wang, J., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B. “Visualization of Butane-Blown LDPE Foam at Extrusion Die Exit”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 51, Paper #101861, 2005.
  58. Lee, P.C., Naguib, H.E., Park, C.B., Wang, J., “Increase of Open-Cell Content by Plasticizing the Soft Regions with a Secondary Blowing Agent”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 50, Paper #521, 2004.
  59. Carter, R., Wang, J., Lee, P.C., Park, C.B., “Continuous Foam Extrusion of Rigid-Rod Polyphenylenes”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 50, 3160, 2004.
  60. Lee, P.C., Wang, J., Park, C.B., “Manufacture of Extruded Open-Celled Microcellular LDPE-Based Sheet Foams”, PPS-20, Paper #110, Akron, Ohio, 2004.
  61. Park, C.B., Padareva, V., Lee, P.C., Naguib, H.E., “Extruded Open-Celled LDPE-Based Foams Using scCO2”, Polymer-Supercritical Fluid Systems and Foams, Tokyo, Japan, 2003.
  62. Naguib, H.E., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., Reichelt, N., “Effect of Talc Content on the Volume Expansion Behavior of Extruded PP Foams”, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 49, 1817, 2003.
  63. (Keynote paper) Padareva, V., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., Naguib, H.E., “Extruded Open-Celled LDPE and LDPE/PS Foams Using Non-Homogeneous Melt Structure”, PPS-19, paper #1045, Melbourne, Australia, 2003.
  64. Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., Wang, J., Valentina, P., “Strategies for Achieving Microcellular LDPE Foams in Extrusion”, PPS Athens, 2003.

Book Chapters

Lee, P.C., and Park, C.B., “Chapter 14 – Extrusion of High-Density and Low-density Microcellular Plastics”, in: Foam Extrusion: Principles and Practice, Lee, St.T., and Park, C.B., eds., CRC Press, April 7, 2014, ISBN-13: 978-1-4398-9859-8.

Kim, E.K., Lee, P.C., Barger, M., Dooley, J., “Chapter 23 – Material Selection, Design and Application,” in: Handbook of Thermoplastics, Olabisi O. and Adewale K. ed., CRC Press, 2nd Ed, Jan. 15, 2016, ISBN-13:978-1-4665-7723-7.

Azdast, T., Hasanzadeh, R., Lee, R.E., Lee, P.C., Wang, G., Park, C.B., “Chapter 5 – High-Pressure Foam Injection Molding of Polylactide/Nano-Fibril Composites with Mold Opening”, in: Polymeric Foam; Environment and Innovations, Lee, S.T., ed., 1st Edition, CRC Press, pp. 129-139, 2022. eBook ISBN: 9781003166160. DOI: 10.1201/9781003166160.

Patents and Invention Disclosures

  1. Lee, P.C., Huston, D., Tan, T., “Self-Stressing Engineered Composite Materials, Methods of Self-Stressing Engineered Composite Materials, and Self-Stressing Reinforcement for Same”, US 11,027,519 B2, Jun 8, 2021. (Granted)
  2. Zhang, R., Romero-Diez, S., Kim, E.S., Lee, P.C., “Mechanically Robust, Flame Retardant and Super Thermal Insulation Cyclic Olefin Copolymer Foams,” Invention Disclosure filed Aug 7th, 2020. University of Toronto Innovations & Partnerships Office, Disclosure Reference #10004034.
  3. Shivokhin, M., Newby, S., Pehlert, G., Doufas, A., Pin, J.M., Lee, P.C., “Polymeric Foams, Methods, and Articles Thereof”, Provisional U.S. Patent filed, US Pat. App. No. 62/928,803, 2019.
  4. Pin, J.M., Lee, P.C. “Expanded Bead Polypropylene Foams with Enhanced Stiffness”, Invention Disclosure filed June 24, 2019. University of Toronto Innovations & Partnerships Office, Disclosure Reference #10003790.
  5. Anstey, A., Mahmud, M.B., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., “Optically Transparent Nanocrystalline Polyamide”, Invention Disclosure filed Aug. 27, 2019. University of Toronto Innovations & Partnerships Office, Disclosure Reference #10003846.
  6. Menning, B.A., McGee, R.L., Lee, P.C., Patel R.M., “Coextruded Multilayer Film with Filler in Transport Layer”, U.S. Patent, US10,160,186, December 25, 2018.
  7. McDevitt, M.R., Hitt, D.L., Lee, P.C., Romero-Diez, S., Golden, A., Mongeon, K., Watts, J., Hantsche, L., Shea, M., “Propulsion Systems Utilizing Gas Generated via an Exothermically Decomposed Chemical Blowing Agent, and Spacecraft Incorporating Same”, Provisional U.S. patent filed, US Pat. App. No. 62/519,917, 2017.
  8. Weiss, D.J., Wrenn, S., Uhl, F.E., Griswold, E., Lee, P.C., Wagner, D., Huston, D., “Avian Based Lung Assisted Device”, Provisional U.S. patent filed, US Pat. App. No. 62/452,685, 2017.
  9. Esseghir, M., Huang, W., Dooley, J., Lee, P.C., Pujari, S., Kmiec, C.J., “Cable Jacket Having Designed Microstructures and Methods for Making Cable Jackets Having Designed Microstructures”, US 20180005728 A1, August 2016.
  10. Lee, P.C., “3D Coextrusion Printing”, Provisional U.S. patent filed, US Pat. App. No. 62/3818,74, 2016.
  11. Lee, P.C., Huston, D., Tan, T., “Methods of Self-Stressing Engineered Composite Materials, and Self-Stressing Reinforcement for Same”, US 20180111348 A1, April 2016.
  12. Siler, C., Dooley, J., Zawisza, J., Lee, P.C., Woodman, D., “Interfacial Surface Generators and Methods of Manufacture Thereof, and Articles Comprising the Same”, U.S. Patent, US 20160281750 A1, 2016.
  13. Jenkins, S., Lee, P.C., Dooley, J., Kirkpatrick, D., Obi, B., “Coextruded Multilayer Film with Propylene-Based Polymer Barrier Layer”, US 20160152009A1, Jan. 2015.
  14. Jenkins, S., Lee, P.C., Dooley, J., Kirkpatrick, D., Obi, B., “Coextruded Multilayer Film with Barrier Properties”, US 20160144604 A1, June 2014.
  15. Jenkins, S., Lee, P.C., Dooley, J., Kirkpatrick, D., Obi, B., “Coextruded Multilayer Film with Propylene-based Polymer and Ethylene-based Polymer”, US 20160144605A1, June 2014.
  16. Jenkins, S., Lee, P.C., Dooley, J., Kirkpatrick, D., Obi, B., “Microlayer Component for Films with Improved Gas/Moisture Barrier by Controlling Crystal Lamellae Orientation”, US 20150298437 A1, June 2014.
  17. Dooley, J., Jenkins, S., Lee, P.C., “Coextruded Multilayer Cyclic Olefin Polymer Films or Sheet Having Improved Moisture Vapor Barrier”, US 20140363600A1, July 2013.
  18. Weaver, J.D., Wu, S., Dooley, J., Harris, W.J., Lee, Chang D., “Thermoplastic Polyolefin Copolymer Lamination Film, Laminated Structures and Processes for Their Preparation”, US 20180248062A1, 2012.
  19. Dontula, N., Greener, J., Fleischer, C.A., Park, C.B., Lee, P.C., Wang, J., Naguib, H.E., “Manufacturing Process for Open Celled Microcellular Foam”, U.S. Patent, US 6958365B2, October 2005.

Technical Articles

  1. Lee, P.C., Dietsche L. Dooley, J., Parashar S., “Numerical Optimization of Polymer Die Design for Multiple Objectives”, ESTECO magazine, 1-6, July 2015.
  2. Lee, P.C., Dooley, J., Metwally, H., “Improving Film Die Uniformity”, ANSYS ADVANTAGE magazine, 6, 33-36, 2012.
  3. Lee, P.C., Wang, J., Park, C.B., “Visualizing Expansion Behavior of Butane-blown Foam”, SPE Plastics Research Online, Dec.9, 2010.
  4. Lee, P.C., “Initial Expansion Behavior of Butane-Blown LDPE Foam at Extrusion Die Exit”, Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE) Ontario Newsletter, April 2005.